In Senegal, horsestthey represent significant socioeconomic potential in both urban and rural areas. Indeed, they play a role in several sectors of activity. To ensure that horses are given greater consideration in development policies, our article focuses on describing these activities and their impacts in on rural and urban areas. This study was conducted in the rural area of Bambey Serere in the department of Bambey and in the urban area of Yeumbeul, in the a suburb of Dakar. The methodology used for this study was based on a literature review, surveys, and interviews. A total of 75 people were surveyed in Bambey Serere and 50 in Yeumbeul. The results showed that the majority of respondents own horses in both the rural and urban areas. They are all literate in either French or Arabic. In rural areas, the use of horses for farm work in rural areas increases agricultural production. In urban areas, the work involves transporting materials and goods. The income generated from various income-generating activities helps improve their households’ living conditions. Therefore, it is important to organize the work of horse-drawn vehicle drivers and to take their activities into account in public policies for agricultural and transportation development.