This study aimed to analyze the occurrence of mastitis in dairy sheep herds with machine milking method. Totally 1893 samples of raw sheep ́s milk, milk filters and swabs from udders' skin were collected during two milking seasons from 2022 until 2023 and identified by MALDI-TOF MS for detection of udder pathogens and risk of environmental contamination during milking process. The most prevalent mastitis agents detected from positive samples of raw milk and filters were non-Aureus Staphylococci (NAS; 46.8%) with S. aureus (15.7%). Other detected species were Enter. faecalis (11.7%) and E. coli (7%) isolated mainly from subclinical forms of mastitis. The statistically significant relationship between the occurrence of mastitis and contaminated environment caused by staphylococci was confirmed on a monitored farm.Therefore,the environmental hygiene and a proper milking program are two of the most important components of antimastitis measures. Both these practices significantly decrease bacterial spreading, transmission, and subsequent intramammary infection.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of disinfection by using microbiological swabs from various surfaces in the bakery production area, specifically from the bread-making and pastry sections, both before production and after disinfection. The disinfectant used was Savo Original at a 3% concentration, applied for a 30-minute exposure time. The results showed that disinfectant was effective on the evaluated surfacessuch as doors, floors, and walls, where no microorganisms were detected after disinfection. In the bread-making section, the surface of the table showed less than 1x10¹ CFU/10 cm² of total count of bacteria after disinfection. These findings indicate that the disinfectant was effective in eliminating the targeted microorganisms on the surfaces tested. Thorough sanitation, associated with appropriate mechanical cleaning and disinfection is the main prerequisite is the application of hygiene principles in the acquisition and production of health and hygienically safe food. In the case of lack of compliance with this assumption, primary or secondary contamination of food may occur and consequently put at risk the health of the consumer.

The aim of this work was to analyse the dynamics of changes in the pH of colostrum and milk during the lactation of sows. Eight clinically healthy sows (Duroc x Pietrain breed) farrowed at the Pig Clinic of the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice were included in the experimental monitoring. The first collection of colostrum was carried out within the first 24 hours after farrowing the sows. Additional milk samples were taken at the same intervals on the 7th, 14th, 21st and finally on the 28th day after delivery. The acidity of the analysed samples changed dynamically during the 28 days of the experiment. The lowest pH was recorded in the colostrum of sows, where the average value was 6.06. The average value of milk pH was 6.86 on the 7th day, 7.03 on the 14th day, 7.14 on the 21st day and 6.98 on the 28th day. Statistical comparison of colostrum with other milk samples revealed significant differences (p<0.001).

Babesia bacteria invade red blood cells, causing cell destruction and a variety of other systemic issues in dogs. This is the source of the canine sickness known as babesiosis. In this work, the association between oxidative stress and canine babesiosis is investigated by detecting levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a biomarker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage. The study compared ten dogs diagnosed with babesiosis with ten healthy control dogs. Infected dogs were found to have significantly higher MDA levels (p<0.01). These results highlight the key role of oxidative stress in the development of canine babesiosis and suggest that antioxidant therapy may be beneficial in the treatment of canine babesiosis. Further research into oxidative stress as a potential target for intervention in problematic dog populations is warranted.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of humic substances (HS) supplementation in the diets of rabbits on growth performance, carcass traits, qualitative and sensory parameters of rabbit meat. Two groups of silver rabbit and chinchilla crossbred rabbits were fed with pellets enriched with the additive 0.5% and 1.0% of HS (HS0.5 and HS1.0) during the 63 days of fattening period. The control group (C) of same crossbred rabbits and age was fed a basal diet without supplements. In both supplemented groups was observed lower weigh at the end of the fattening periodwhich was reflected in the reduction of fat content in the thigh and loin muscle. On the contrary, in the thigh muscle was recorded an increase in protein and meat protein free of connective tissue protein (BEFFE) comparing to control group. The lower values of colorimetric parameters were recorded from thigh and loins meat in HS0.5 group comparing to control and HS1.0 group.

he main aim of this work was to investigate how gastric contents affect lesionsin the parts esophagea of fattening pigs. We focused on the contents of the stomachs, whether they were empty, full of feed or had liquid contents. Pathological changes in the pars esophagea of the stomach were rated on a scale of 0 – 3. We found a high prevalence of erosions and gastric ulcers in association with gastric filling. Stomachs with empty contents had the highest prevalence of lacerations. Parakeratosis occurred in 14.3%, erosions in 28.5 % and gastric ulcers in 57.2%. This may be attributed to starvation of the pigs before slaughter. Stomachs with liquid contents also had a higher number of gastric lesions. Parakeratosis occurred in 53.3% and erosions in 22.6%. On the contrary, full stomachs had the best results, up to 77% of the stomachs had healthy mucosa without compromising its integrity.

In this study, 12 crossbred weaned pigs were used to assess the effects of a lower crude protein content in the feed mixture supplemented with crystalline amino acids on the large intestine fermentation markers and nitrogen excretion in the faeces. Each of the two sets of weaned piglets had six piglets. Crude protein content in the experimental diet was 16.7%, while the control diet was 19.5%. At the conclusion of the 28-day study period, the faeces were collected directly from the rectum. The experimental group's dietary crude protein content had reduced, as evidenced by significantly greater levels of ammonia (P <0.001) in fresh faeces and crude protein content in dry matter faeces (P <0.01) as compared to the control group. When compared to the control group, the experimental group's dietary crude protein content decreased, as evidenced by a non-significant rise in the pH of their faeces. There were no discernible statistical differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of the proportion of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids or the quantity of total volatile fatty acids.

The aim of this work was to quantitatively determine the concentrations of aflatoxins in samples of complete feed mixtures intended for fattening broiler chickens by ELISA analysis. From the total number of 17 samples, the presence of aflatoxins was confirmed in 4 cases (25.53%) with a maximum value of 19.342 µg/kg and an average concentration value of 6.654 µg/kg. The resulting concentrations are in accordance with the current legislation on undesirable substances in animal feed (2002/32 EC) and should not pose a risk of acute aflatoxicosis for broilers.

The aim of our work was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotic preparation, which contain Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, on value of some indices of protein and energetic profile in blood of piglets. In the experiment were used 18 weaned pigs of the age 42 days divided into two groups. The first group was the experimental group and the second served as a control group. The trial lasted eight weeks and we collected blood for determination in fourteen-day periods. Probiotic preparation had not significant effect on value of parameters of protein profile, but we found out significant differences in levels of cholesterol and total lipids between groups on day 28 of the experiment. Probiotics significantly decrease cholesterol in blood of weaned pigs.

The somatic cell count in milk is an effective indicator for assessing the health of the mammary gland and detecting any issues related to milk production in dairy cows. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of parity and days in milk on somatic cell count in the milk of dairy cows during the year. This study included (n = 600) Holstein dairy cows with an average milk production of 10,154 kg for a standardized 305-day lactation. We confirmed the increase of somatic cell count in the milk of dairy cows with increasing days in milk. Higher somatic cell count after parturition reflects on the immunological preparation of the cow for calving and in late lactation on the reduction of milk production. The lowest somatic cell count was observed in cows in their first lactation, as a result of the growth and development of the mammary gland. As the parity number increases, the incidence of mastitis increases, which increases somatic cell count.

In this study, raw cow's milk samples were analyzed to detect Pseudomonas bacteria, recognized as indicators of milk hygiene and contributors to mammary gland inflammation. The research was conducted on four production farms (PF1, PF2, DH3, and DH4) in the Slovak regions of Abov, Spiš, and Zemplín, under practical conditions. Milk samples were collected seasonally during autumn 2022, winter 2022, spring 2023, and summer 2023. Out of 320 raw milk samples subjected to comprehensive quality and microbiological analysis, 73 isolates of Pseudomonas spp. were identified using PCR techniques. The breakdown of species was as follows: P. putida (34.25%), P. fragi (13.70%), P. lundensis (9.59%), and other Pseudomonas spp. (42.47%). These results underscore the importance of Pseudomonas spp. as a key factor in assessing milk quality and their implications for udder health in dairy cattle.

This study aimed to compare the zoo technical parameters of pigs subjected to early (31 days) and very early weaning (24 days) and to identify challenges associated with very early weaning, proposing potential solutions. The experiment was conducted on 24 pigs per group (12 gilts and 12 boars) of the large white × landrace breed on the DONA Ltd. farm (Slovak Republic). Pigs were fed two commercial pelleted feed mixtures: the first for 7 days post-weaning, and the second until pre-fattening (27 days post-weaning). Weight gains and feed conversion ratios were measured, and the nutrient content of feeds was analyzed. Statistically significant differences in initial weights (8.44 ± 0.45 vs. 7.05 ± 0.27 kg at 24 days, p<0.01) and daily weight gains were observed between the control and experimental groups. The experimental group exhibited lower daily weight gains from days 31–38, 38–45, and 45–52 (p<0.01). Feed conversion at the end of the experiment (days 45–52) was identical in both groups (1.26 kg kg-1). Results highlight the significant impact of weaning age on production parameters, with very early weaning adversely affecting growth performance. Findings suggest that optimizing weaning age is crucial for improving growth efficiency and minimizing performance setbacks.